Remote Sensing - Lab 8

Background and Goals:
  The main goal of this lab is to gain experience in measuring and interpreting spectral reflectance (signatures) of various materials and Earth surface features captured by satellite images.  After collecting spectral signatures from remotely sensed images, they will be graphed and analyzed.  Another goal of this lab is to monitor the health of vegetation and soils using simple band ratio techniques.

Methods:
Part 1: Spectral signature analysis
  Using a Landsat ETM + image that covers the Eau Claire area and other regions of Wisconsin and Minnesota, spectral signatures were collected of the following various Earth surface and near surface features:4.

1.Standing Water
2.Moving water
3.Deciduous forest.
4.Evergreen forest.
5.Riparian vegetation.
6.Crops
7.Dry soil (uncultivated)
8.Moist soil (uncultivated)
9.Rock
10.Asphalt highway
11.Airport runway
12.Concrete surface (bridge, parking lot, or any type of concrete surface)

  These were then all put onto signature mean plot charts in order to compare the reflectance from different bands.  These results can be seen in Figures 3, 4, and 5.

Part 2: Resource monitoring
Section 1: Vegetation health monitoring
  By implementing the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) on an image of Eau Claire and Chippewa counties, a simple band ratio was performed.  Figure 1 shows the ratio used for this section.  A map was then created in ArcMap to show the abundance of vegetation present in the counties (Figure 6).

Figure 1

Section 2: Soil health monitoring
  By implementing the ferrous mineral ratio on the same image from Section 1, a simple band ratio was performed.  Figure 2 shows the ratio used for this section. A map was then created in ArcMap to show the spatial distribution of ferrous minerals in the counties (Figure 7).

Figure 2

Results:
Part 1: Spectral signature analysis

Figure 3: The first spectral signature is plotted.

Figure 4: This plot chart shows the differences in reflectance for bands 1-6 for dry and moist soils.

Figure 5: This plot chart shows all the spectral signatures collected in one window.  

Part 2: Resource monitoring

Figure 6: This map shows the result of the NDVI implemented to show vegetation abundance in the counties.

Figure 7: This map shows the result of the ferrous mineral ratio implemented to show the spatial distribution in the counties. 

Sources:
Satellite image is from Earth Resources Observation and Science Center, United States Geological Survey.

Remote Sensing - Lab 7

Background and Goals
This lab is meant to develop skills in performing key photogrammetric tasks on aerial photographs and satellite images.  By the end of the lab, skills achieved will be: understanding the mathematics behind the calculation of photographic scales, measurement of areas and perimeters of features, and calculating relief displacement.


Methods
Part 1: Scales, measurements, and relief displacement
Section 1: Calculating scale of nearly vertical aerial photographs

Section 2: Measurement of areas of features on aerial photographs

Section 3: Calculating relief displacement from object height

Part 2: Stereoscopy
Section 1: Creation of an anaglyph image with the use of a digital elevation model (DEM)

Section 2: Creation of an anaglyph image with the use of a LiDAR derived digital surface model (DSM)

Part 3: Orthorectification
Section 1: Create a new project

Section 2: Add imagery to the block and define sensor model

Section 3: Activate point measurement tool and collect GCP's

Section 4: Set type and usage, add second image to the block and collect its GCP's

Section 5: Automatic tie point collection, triangulation and ortho resample

Section 6: Viewing the orthorectified images


Results




Sources
National Agriculture Imagery Program (NAIP) images are from United States Department of Agriculture, 2005.  Digital Elevation Model (DEM) for Eau Claire, WI is from United States Department of Agriculture Natural Resources Conservation Service, 2010.  Lidar-derived surface model (DSM) for sections of Eau Claire and Chippewa are from Eau Claire County and Chippewa County governments respectively.  Spot satellite images are from Erdas Imagine, 2009. Digital elevation model (DEM) for Palm Spring, CA is from Erdas Imagine, 2009.   National Aerial Photography Program (NAPP) 2 meter images are from Erdas Imagine, 2009.

Remote Sensing - Lab 6

Goal and Background:
The goal of this lab was to be introduced to geometric correction, an important preprocessing exercise.  Skills were developed in the two major types of geometric correction often performed on satellite images: spatial and intensity interpolation.  These are normally part of the preprocessing activities used prior to the extraction of biophysical and socioeconomic information from satellite images.  Figure 1 shows


Methods:  
Part 1: Image-to-map rectification
In this part, an image of the city of Chicago was spatially and intensity interpolated using a map as a reference.  Only a first order was used in this interpolation, with a 4 GCP's used.  Nearest neighbor was used in resampling.  Figure 1 shows the GCP's on both the reference map and the original image.  Figure 2 displays the new output image compared with the original image using the swipe tool.

Part 2: Image-to-image rectification
In this part, an image was spatially and intensity interpolated using an image as a reference.  This part used a third ordered interpolation and 12 GCP's in order to rectify the images quite closely.  Bilinear interpolation was used in resampling for this part, which created a smoother image compared to part 1.  Figure 3 shows the GCP's on both the reference image and the original image.  Figure 4 shows the new image compared with the original image using the swipe tool.


Results:  

Figure 1

Figure 2

Figure 3

Figure 4

Sources:
Satellite images are from Earth Resources Observation and Science Center, United States Geological Survey. Digital raster graphic (DRG) is from Illinois Geospatial Data Clearing House.

Remote Sensing - Lab 5

Goal and Background:
Recently LiDAR has become one of the most rapidly expanding areas of remote sensing, and understanding this field is a vital part in becoming a well-rounded analyst.  The goal in this lab was to further basic LiDAR knowledge and practice LiDAR data processing and structure.  Specific skills practiced include: processing and retrieving various surface and terrain models, processing and creating an intensity image and other products from point cloud in LAS file format.

Methods:
Part 1: Point cloud visualization in Erdas Imagine
This part consisted of loading all necessary .las as point cloud in order to access the lidar point cloud tiles.  These were visualized using Erdas Imagine before being brought into ArcMap.

Part 2: Generate a LAS dataset and explore LiDAR point clouds with ArcGIS
This part consisted of creating an LAS dataset, exploring the properties of LAS datasets, and visualizing it as point cloud in 2D and 3D.  Figure 1 shows the LAS dataset in points by elevation.  Figure 2 shows the walk bridge in the UWEC campus in 2D.  Figure 3 shows the lower UWEC campus in 3D.

Part 3: Generation of LiDAR derivative products
In this part the following derivative products were created:

• Digital Surface Model (DSM) with first return
• Digital Terrain Model (DTM) 
• Hillshade of your DSM
• Hillshade of your DTM

Results:

Figure 1

Figure 2

Figure 3

Figure 4

Figure 5

Figure 6

Figure 7

Sources:
LiDAR point cloud and tile index are from Eau Claire County, 2013.
Eau Claire County Shapefile is from Mastering ArcGIS 6th Edition data by Margaret Price, 2014.

Remote Sensing - Lab 4

Goal and Background:
The purpose of this lab is to continue learning core components of remote sensing while using ERDAS Imagine software to carry out basic remote sensing procedures.

Images often need to be enhanced in ways that make them more easily observable.  It is up to the remote sensing analyst to work with programs and use the procedures available to best enhance these images for the given goal.

Skills obtained throughout the lab include: image subsetting, image fusion, radiometric enhancement techniques, linking image viewer to Google Earth, resampling, image mosaicing, and binary change detection (image differencing) .


Methods: 
Part 1: Image subsetting (creation of area of interest AOI) of study area
This section included creating an inquire box for an image subset, which is shown in Figure 1.  Because the area of interest is often not a perfect rectangle, a second method must be used for an image subset.  Figure 2 shows how shapefiles for Chippewa and Eau Claire counties were used as the area of interest.

Part 2: Image fusion
In this section an image with coarse resolution was combined with a panchromatic image to create a reflective image with a higher spatial resolution.  Using Pan Sharpen, the two images were merged with nearest neighbor as the resampling technique and multiplicative as the algorithm.  When comparing the image with coarser resolution to the new image, the new image was slightly more detailed with evidently smoother features when zoomed in.

Part 3: Simple radiometric enhancement techniques
In this section the haze reduction tool was used to enhance the spectral and radiometric resolution of an image.

Part 4: Linking image viewer to Google Earth
This section involved linking Erdas Imagine images with Google Earth.  This can be helpful because Google Earth has some high resolution images of areas and can serve as a selective interpretation key in remote sensing.

Part 5: Resampling
In this section an image was resampled up in order to decrease pixel size.  When comparing a resampled image to the original image, the new image was smoother and looked less pixelated when zoomed in.

Part 6: Image Mosaicking
This section involved combining two overlapping images together.  This of commonly done when the area of interest lies in both images, so image mosaicking is often necessary.  This process was done twice: once with Mosaic Express (Figure 3) and once with Mosaic Pro (Figure 4).  Each has its strengths and weaknesses, and that can be seen in the results of this lab.

Part 7: Binary change detection (image differencing)
In this section image differencing for two images of the same area taken several years apart.  This showed the changes that occurred from 1991 to 2011.  Once the areas detected to have a significant change in brightness value were identified, that map was brought into Arcmap to make a map of this change, as seen in Figure 6.  Figure 5 shows the distribution of data in the map.


Results:

Figure 1

Figure 2

Figure 3

Figure 4

Figure 5

Figure 6

Sources:
Satellite images are from Earth Resources Observation and Science Center, United States Geological Survey.
Shapefile is from Mastering ArcGIS 6th edition Dataset by Maribeth Price, McGraw Hill. 2014.